Everything about Taiwan Under Japanese Rule totally explained
The
Japanese colonial period,
Japanese rule or the
Imperial Japanese occupation, in the context of
Taiwan's history, refers to the period between
1895 and
1945 during which Taiwan was a
Japanese colony. The expansion into Taiwan was a part of Japan's general policy of southward expansion during the late
19th Century.
It has been argued that Japanese rule in Taiwan was markedly different from that in
Korea and other parts of Asia. As Taiwan was Japan's first overseas colony, Japanese intentions were to turn the island into a showpiece "model colony". As a result, much effort was made to improve the island's
economy,
industry,
public works and
culture. However, Japanese rule of Taiwan also had a negative side, such as the prostitution of Taiwanese women as
comfort women.
The relative failures of immediate post-
World War II rule by the
Kuomintang led to a certain degree of nostalgia amongst the older generation of Taiwanese who experienced both. This has affected, to some degree, issues such as
national identity,
ethnic identity and the
Taiwan independence movement. The comparative lack of
anti-Japanese sentiment amongst Taiwanese society is often not understood by
overseas Chinese communities and
mainland Chinese.
History
See also: History of Taiwan.
Background
Japan had sought to expand its imperial control over Taiwan (known in Japan as
Takasago Koku (高砂国, "Highland nation") since
1592, when
Toyotomi Hideyoshi undertook a policy of overseas expansion and extending Japanese influence southward. Several attempts to invade Taiwan were unsuccessful, mainly due to disease and armed resistance by aborigines on the island. In
1609, the
Tokugawa Shogunate sent
Haruno Arima on an exploratory mission of the island. In
1616,
Murayama Toan led an unsuccessful invasion of the island.
In November 1871, a vessel from the Kingdom of
Ryukyu, with 69 people on board, were forced to land near the southern tip of Taiwan by strong winds. They had a conflict with local
Paiwan aborigines and many were killed in the process. In October 1872, Japan sought compensation from the Qing Dynasty of China, claiming the Kingdom of
Ryukyu was part of Japan. In May 1873, Japanese diplomats arrived in
Beijing and put forward their claims, but the Qing government immediately rejected Japanese demands on the ground that the Kingdom of
Ryukyu at that time was an independent state and had nothing to do with Japan. The Japanese refused to leave and asked if the Chinese government would punish those "barbarians in Taiwan".
The Qing authorities explained that there were two kinds of aborigines on Taiwan: those directly governed by the Qing, and those unnaturalized "raw barbarians... beyond the reach of Chinese culture. Thus couldn't be directly regulated." They indirectly hinted that foreigners traveling in those areas settled by indigenous people must exercise caution. The Qing Dynasty made it clear to the Japanese that Taiwan was definitely within Qing jurisdiction, even though part of that island's aboriginal population wasn't yet under the influence of Chinese culture. The Qing also pointed to similar cases all over the world where an aboriginal population within a national boundary wasn't under the influence of the dominant culture of that country.
The Japanese nevertheless launched an expedition with a force of 3,000 soldiers in April 1874. In May 1874, the Qing Dynasty began to send in troops to reinforce the island. By the end of the year, the government of Japan decided to withdraw its forces after realizing Japan was still not ready for a war with China.
The number of casualties for the Paiwan was about 30, and that for the Japanese was 543 (12 Japanese soldiers were killed in battle and 531 by disease).
Cession of Taiwan (1895)
By the
1890s, about 45 percent of Taiwan was administered under standard Chinese administration while the remaining lightly populated regions of the interior were under
aboriginal control. The
First Sino-Japanese War broke out between
Qing Dynasty China and
Japan in
1894 following a dispute over the sovereignty of
Korea. Following its defeat, China ceded the islands of Taiwan and
Penghu to
Japan in the
Treaty of Shimonoseki, signed on
April 17,
1895. According to the terms of the treaty, Taiwan, Penghu, and regions between 119˚E-120˚E and 13˚E-14˚N were to be ceded to Japan in perpetuity. Both governments were to send representatives to Taiwan immediately after signing to begin the transition process, which was to be completed in no more than two months. Because Taiwan was ceded by treaty, the period that followed is referred to by some as the "colonial period", while others who focus on the fact that it was the culmination of a war prefer to refer to it as the "occupation period". The cession ceremony took place on-board a Japanese vessel because the Chinese delegate feared reprisal from the residents of Taiwan.
Though the terms dictated by Japan were harsh, it's reported that Qing China's leading statesman
Li Hongzhang sought infamously to assuage
Empress Dowager Cixi with: "birds don't sing and flowers are not fragrant on the island of Taiwan. The men and women are inofficious and are not passionate either." The loss of Taiwan would become a rallying point for the Chinese nationalist movement in the years that followed. Arriving in Taiwan, the new Japanese colonial government gave inhabitants two years to choose whether to accept their new status as Japanese subjects, or leave Taiwan.
Early years (1895-1915)
The "early years" of Japanese administration on Taiwan typically refers to the period between the Japanese forces' first landing in May
1895 and the Tapani incident of 1915, which marked the high point of armed resistance. During this period, popular resistance to Japanese rule was high, and the world questioned whether a non-Western nation such as Japan could effectively govern a colony of its own. An
1897 session of the
Japanese Diet debated whether to sell Taiwan to
France. During these years, the post of Governor-General of Taiwan was held by a military general, as the emphasis was on suppression of the insurgency.
In
1898, the
Meiji government of Japan appointed Count
Kodama Gentarō as the fourth Governor-General, with the talented civilian politician
Gotō Shimpei as his Chief of Home Affairs, establishing the
carrot and stick approach towards governance that would continue for several years.
The Office of the Governor-General
As the highest colonial authority in Taiwan during the period of Japanese rule, the Office of the Governor-General (OGG) of Taiwan was headed by a
Governor-General of Taiwan appointed by
Tokyo. Power was highly centralized with the Governor-General wielding surpreme executive, legislative, and judicial power, effectively making the government a dictatorship. Taiwan would remain relatively calm until the Beipu Uprising in
1907. The reason for the five years of calm is generally attributed to the OGG's dual policy of active suppression and public works. Under this carrot and stick approach, most locals chose to watch and wait.
Tapani Incident
The third and final stage of armed resistance began with the Beipu Uprising in
1907. Between this and the
1915 Tapani Incident, there were thirteen smaller armed uprisings. In many cases, conspirators were discovered and arrested before planned uprisings could even take place. Of the thirteen uprisings, eleven occurred after the
1911 Revolution in China, to which four were directly linked. Conspirators in four of the uprisings demanded reunification with China, while conspirators in six planned to install themselves as independent rulers of Taiwan, and conspirators in one couldn't decide which goal to pursue. The objectives of the conspirators in the remaining two are unclear. It has been speculated the increase in uprisings demanding independence rather than reunification was the result of the collapse of the
Qing Dynasty government in China, depriving locals of the figure or government with which they were originally accustomed to identifying.
Wushe Incident
See also: Wushe Incident.
Perhaps the most famous of all of the anti-Japanese uprisings is the
Wushe Incident, which occurred in the mostly aboriginal region of Musha (霧社, Pinyin:Wushe) in Taichū Prefecture (located in modern day
Nantou County). On
October 27,
1930, following escalation of an incident in which a Japanese police officer insulted a tribesman, over 300
Atayal aborigines under Chief Mono Rudao attacked Japanese residents in the area. In the ensuing violence, 134 Japanese nationals and two ethnic Han Taiwanese were killed, and 215 Japanese nationals injured. Many of the victims were attending an athletic festival at Musyaji Elementary School. In response, the OGG ordered a military crackdown. In the two months that followed, most of the insurgents were either killed or committed suicide, along with their family members or fellow tribesmen. Several members of the government resigned over the incident, which proved to be the most violent of the uprisings during Japanese rule.
Economic and educational development
One of the most notable features of Japanese rule in Taiwan was the "top-down" nature of social change. While local activism certainly played a role, most of the social, economic, and cultural changes during this period were driven by
technocrats in the colonial government. With the OGG as the primary driving force, as well as new immigrants from the Japanese
Home Islands, Taiwanese society was sharply divided between the rulers and the ruled.
Under the constant control of the colonial government, aside from a few small incidents during the earlier years of Japanese rule, Taiwanese society was mostly very stable. While the tactics of repression used by the OGG were often very heavy handed, locals who cooperated with the economic and educational policies of the Governor-General saw a significant improvement in their standard of living. As a result, the population and living standards of Taiwan during the 50 years of Japanese rule displayed significant growth.
Economic
Taiwan's economy during Japanese rule was for the most part, a standard colonial economy. Namely, the human and natural resources of Taiwan were used to aid the development of Japan, a policy which began under Governor-General Kodama and reached its peak in
1943, in the middle of
World War II. From
1900 -
1920, Taiwan's economy was dominated by the
sugar industry, while from
1920 -
1930,
rice was the primary export. During these two periods, the primary economic policy of the OGG was "industry for Japan, agriculture for Taiwan". After
1930, due to war needs the OGG began to pursue a policy of industrialization. Much like mainland China in the late
19th Century, opium addiction was a serious social problem in Taiwan, with some statistics suggesting that over half of the ethnic Chinese population of Taiwan were users of the drug. The intentional disfigurement of female feet through binding were common to Chinese and Taiwanese society at the time, and the queue hairstyle worn by the male population was forced upon
Han Chinese by the
Manchu rulers of the Qing Dynasty (
Queue Order).
Opium
Shortly after acquiring Taiwan in
1895, then
Prime Minister Itō Hirobumi ordered that opium should be banned in Taiwan as soon as possible. However, due to the pervasiveness of opium addiction in Taiwanese society at the time, and the social and economic problems caused by complete prohibition, the initial hard line policy was relaxed in a few years. On
January 21,
1897, the OGG issued the Taiwan Opium Edict mandating a government monopoly of the opium trade, and restricting the sale of opium to those with government issued permits, with the ultimate goal of total abolition. The number of opium addicts in Taiwan quickly dropped from millions to 169,064 in 1900 (6.3% of the total population at the time), and 45,832 (1.3% of the population) by
1921. However, the numbers were still higher than those in nations where opium was completely prohibited. It was generally believed that one important factor behind the OGG's reluctance to completely ban opium was the potential profit to be made through a state run
narcotics monopoly.
In
1921, the
Taiwanese People's Party accused colonial authorities before the
League of Nations of being complacent in the addiction of over 40,000 people, while making a profit off opium sales. To avoid controversy, the OGG issued the New Taiwan Opium Edict on
December 28, and related details of the new policy on
January 8 of the following year. Under the new laws, the number of opium permits issued was decreased, a
rehabilitation clinic was opened in Taipei, and a concerted anti-drug campaign launched.
Foot binding
Foot binding was a practice fashionable in
Ming and
Qing Dynasty China. Young girls'
feet, usually at age six but often earlier, were wrapped in tight bandages so they couldn't grow normally, would break and become deformed as they reached adulthood. The feet would remain small and dysfunctional, prone to
infection,
paralysis, and muscular
atrophy. While such feet were considered by some to be beautiful, others considered the practice to be archaic and barbaric. In concert with community leaders, the OGG launched an anti-foot binding campaign in
1901. The practice was formally banned in
1915, with violators subject to heavy punishment. Foot binding in Taiwan died out quickly afterwards.
Queue
The OGG took comparatively less action on
queues. While social campaigns against wearing queues were launched, no edicts or laws were issued on the subject. With the fall of the
Qing Dynasty in
1911, the popularity of queues also decreased.
Urban planning
The OGG initially focused on pressing needs such as
sanitation and military fortifications. Plans for
urban development began to be issued in
1899, calling for a five year development plan for most medium and large sized cities. The first phase of urban redevelopment focused on the construction and improvement of roads. In Taihoku (Taipei), the old
city walls were demolished, and the new Seimonchō (西門町) (modern
Ximending) area was developed for new Japanese immigrants.
The second phase of urban development began in
1901, focusing on the areas around the South and East Gates of Taihoku (Taipei) and the areas around the railway station in Taichū (Taichung). Primary targets for improvement included roads and
drainage systems, in preparation for the arrival of more Japanese immigrants.
Another phase began in
August 1905 and also included Tainan. By
1917, urban redevelopment programs were in progress in over seventy cities and towns throughout Taiwan. Many of the urban plans laid out during these programs continue to be used in Taiwan today.
Public health
In the early years of Japanese rule, the OGG ordered the construction of public
clinics throughout Taiwan and brought in doctors from Japan to halt the spread of
infectious disease. The drive was successful in eliminating diseases such as
malaria,
plague, and
tuberculosis from the island. The
public health system throughout the years of Japanese rule was dominated primarily by small local clinics rather than large central
hospitals, a situation which would remain constant in Taiwan until the
1980s.
The OGG also expended a great deal of effort in developing an effective
sanitation system for Taiwan. British experts were hired to design storm drains and
sewage systems. The expansion of streets and sidewalks, as well as building codes calling for windows allowing for air flow, mandatory neighborhood cleanups, and
quarantine of the ill also helped to improve public health.
Public health education also became important in schools as well as in law enforcement. The
Taihoku Imperial University also established a Tropical Medicine Research Center, and formal training for
nurses.
Aborigines
See also: Taiwanese aborigines.
According to the
1905 census, the
aboriginal population included 450,000+ plains aborigines (1.53% of the total Taiwan population), almost completely assimilated into
Han Chinese society, and 300,000+ mountain aborigines (1.2% of the total population). Japanese aboriginal policy focused primarily on the unassimilated latter group, known in Japanese as
Takasago-zoku (高砂族).
The aborigines were subject to modified versions of
criminal and
civil law. As with the rest of the Taiwanese population, the ultimate goal of the OGG was to assimilate the aborigines into Japanese society through a dual policy of suppression and education. Japanese education of the aborigines bloomed during WWII, who proved to be the most daring soldiers the empire had ever produced. Their legendary bravery is celebrated by Japanese veterans even today. Many of them would say they owe their survival to the "Takasago Hei."
Religion
Throughout most of Japanese colonial rule, the OGG chose to promote the existing
Buddhist religion over
Shintoism in Taiwan. It was believe that used properly, religion could accelerate the assimilation of the Taiwanese into Japanese society.
Under these circumstances, existing
Buddhist temples in Taiwan were expanded and modified to accommodate Japanese elements of the religion, such as worship of
Ksitigarbha (popular in Japan but not Taiwan at the time). The Japanese also constructed several new Buddhist temples throughout Taiwan, many of which also ended up combining aspects of
Daoism and
Confucianism, a mix which still persists in Taiwan today.
In
1937 with the beginning of the Kōminka movement, the government began the promotion of
Shintoism and the limited restriction of other religions.
Culture
After
1915,
armed resistance against the Japanese occupation nearly ceased. Instead, spontaneous
social movements became popular. The Taiwanese people organized various modern political, cultural and social clubs, adopting political consciousness with clear intentions to unite people with sympathetic sensibilities. This motivated them to strive for the common targets set up by the social movements. These movements also encouraged improvements in social culture.
Besides Taiwanese literature, which connected with the social movements of the time, the aspect of Western culture which Taiwan most successfully adopted was the
arts. Many famous works of art came out during this time.
Popular culture led by
movies,
popular music and puppet theater prevailed for the first time in Taiwan during this period.
Literature
In
1919, Taiwanese students in
Tokyo restructured Enlightenment Society and established the
New People Society. This was the prelude for various political and social movements. Many new publications, such as "Taiwanese Literature & Art" (
1934) and "New Taiwanese Literature" (
1935), were started shortly thereafter. These led to the onset of the vernacular movement in Taiwan as they broke away from the classical forms of ancient poetry. Many scholars acknowledge possible connections of this movement with the
May Fourth Movement in
China.
These literature movements didn't disappear when they were repressed by the Japanese governor. In the early
1930s, a famous debate on Taiwanese rural language unfolded formally. This event had numerous lasting effects on Taiwanese literature, language and racial consciousness.
In
1930, Taiwanese-Japanese resident
Huang Shihui started the debate on rural literature in
Tokyo. He advocated that Taiwanese literature should be about Taiwan, have impact on a wide audience, and use
Taiwanese language. In
1931, a resident in Taipei named
Guo Qiusen prominently supported Huang's viewpoint. Guo started the Taiwanese Rural Language Debate, which advocated literature published in Taiwanese. This was immediately supported by
Lai He, considered the father of Taiwanese literature. After this, dispute as to whether the literature of Taiwan should use Taiwanese or
Mandarin Chinese, and whether or not the subject matter should concern Taiwan, became the focus of the New Taiwan Literature Movement. However, because of the upcoming war and the pervasive Japanese cultural education, these debates couldn't develop any further. They finally lost traction under the Japanization policy set by the government.
In the two years after
1934, progressive Taiwanese writers gathered up and established the
Association of Taiwanese Literature and Art and
New Taiwanese Literature. This literature and art movement was political in its implications. After the
Marco Polo Bridge Incident in
1937, the government of Taiwan immediately instituted "National Spirit General Moblization", which formally commenced the Japanization policy. Taiwanese writers could then only rely on organizations dominated by Japanese writers, for example the "Taiwanese Poet Association", established in
1939, and the "Association of Taiwanese Literature & Art", expanded in
1940. This exhibition was held sixteen times from
1938 to
1945. It cultivated the first generation of Taiwanese western artists. The regional Taiwanese art style developed by the exhibition still affected various fields, for example art, art design and engineering design, even after the war.
Cinema
From
1901 to
1937,
Taiwanese cinema was influenced immensely by
Japanese cinema. Because of Taiwan's status as a Japanese colony, the traditions of Japanese movies were generally accepted by Taiwanese producers. The first Taiwan-made film was a documentary produced in February
1907 by
Takamatsu Toyojiro, with a group of photographers that travelled through various areas in Taiwan. Their production was called "Description of Taiwan", and it covered through subjects such as city construction, electricity, agriculture, industry, mining, railways, education, landscapes, traditions, and conquest of aborigines. The first movie drama produced by Taiwanese was called "Whose Fault?" in
1925, produced by the Association of Taiwanese Cinema Research. Other types of films including educational pieces, newsreels and propaganda also helped form the mainstream of local Taiwanese movie productions until the defeat of Japan in
1945.
Sayon's Bell, which depicted an aboriginal maid helping Japanese, was a symbolic production that represents these types of films.
In
1908, Takamatsu Toyojiro settled in Taiwan and began to construct theaters in the main cities. Takamatsu also signed with several Japanese and foreign movie companies, and set up institutionalized movie publication. In
1924, theaters in Taiwan imported advanced
intertitle technique from Japan, and the cinema in Taiwan grew more prominent. On October
1935, a celebration of the fortieth year anniversary of Japanese occupation in Taiwan was held. The year after, Taipei and
Fukuoka were connected by airway. These two events pushed the Taiwanese cinema into its golden age.
Popular Music
Popular music in Taiwan was established in the
1930s. Although published
records and
popular songs already existed in Taiwan before 1930s, the quality and popularity of most of them was very poor. This was mainly because popular songs at the time differed slightly from traditional music like
folk songs and
Taiwanese opera. However, because of the rapid development of
cinema and
broadcasting during the 1930s, new
popular songs that stepped away from traditional influences began to appear and become widespread in a short period of time.
The first real popular song in Taiwan collocated with the
Chinese movie,
Peach Blossom Weeps Tears of Blood (Tao hua qi xie ji). Produced by
Lianhua Productions,
Peach Blossoms Weep Tears of Blood, starring
Ruan Lingyu, screened in Taiwan theaters in
1932. Hoping to attract more Taiwanese viewers, the producers requested composers
Zhan Tianma and
Wang Yunfeng to compose a song with the same title. The song that came out was a major hit and achieved success in record sales. From this period on, Taiwanese popular music with the assistance of cinema began to rise.
Puppet theatre
Many
Min Nan speaking immigrants entered Taiwan during the 1750s, and with them they brought puppet theatre. The stories were based mainly on classical books and stage drama, and it was very refined. Artistry focused on the complexity of the puppet movements. Musical accompaniment was generally
Nanguan and
Beiguan music. According to the
Records of Taiwan Province, Nanguan was the earliest form of puppet theatre in Taiwan. Although this kind of puppet theatre fell out of the mainstream, it can still be found in a few troupes around
Taipei today.
During the
1920s,
wuxia puppet theatre (for example based on martial arts) gradually developed. The stories were the main difference between traditional and wuxia puppet theatre. Based on new, popular wuxia novels, performance was focused on the display of unique martial arts with the puppets. The representative figures during this era were
Huang Haidai of Wuzhouyuan and
Zhong Renxiang of Xinyige. This puppet genre began its development in
Yunlin's
Huwei town and
Xiluo town, and was popularized in southern central Taiwan. Huang Haidai's puppet theatre was narrated in Min Nan, and included poems, history,
couplets and guessing combinations of words. Its performance blended in Beiguan, Nanguan, Luantan, Zhengyin, Gezai and Chaodiao music.
After the 1930s, the Japanization policy affected puppet theatre. The customary Chinese Beiguan was forbidden, and was replaced by Western music. The costumes and the puppets were a mixture of Japanese and Chinese style. The plays often included Japanese stories like
Mitokomon and others, with the puppets dressed in Japanese clothing. Performances were presented in
Japanese. This new barrier of language and culture reduced public acceptance, but introduced techniques which subsequently influenced the future
Golden Light puppet theatre, including music and stage settings.
During this era, the world of puppet theatre in southern Taiwan had the
Five Great Pillars and
Four Great Celebrities. "Five Great Pillars" referred to Huang Haidai, Zhong Renxiang, Huang Tianquan, Hu Jinzhu and Lu Chongyi; "Four Great Celebrities" referred to Huang Tianchuan, Lu Chongyi, Li Tuyuan and Zheng Chuanming.
Baseball
Baseball was brought to Taiwan by Japan. There were baseball teams in elementary schools as well as public schools. The development of the game in Taiwan culminated in
Kagi Nourin Gakkou (agricultural & forestry high school), also known as "Kano", ranking No.2 in Japan's Koushien Daisai. (National High School Baseball Games). The Japanese also built baseball venues in Taiwan, such as the
Tainan Stadium. Visible legacy today includes such players as Yankees'
Chien-Ming Wang, Dodgers'
Hong-Chih Kuo and
Chien-Ming Chiang of
Yomiuri Giants in Japan.
Retrocession
» See also: Surrender of Japan, Political status of Taiwan.
With the end of
World War II, Taiwan was placed under the administrative control of the
Republic of China by the
United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (
UNRRA) after 50 years of colonial rule by
Japan.
Chen Yi, the ROC Chief Executive of Taiwan, arrived on
October 24,
1945 and received the last Japanese Governor-General,
Andō Rikichi, who signed the document of surrender on the
next day, which was proclaimed by Chen as "Retrocession Day". This turned out to be legally controversial since Japan didn't renounce its sovereignty over Taiwan until April 28, 1952, with the coming into force of the
San Francisco Peace Treaty,which further complicated the
political status of Taiwan. Indeed, none of the Allies recognized any transfer of the territorial sovereignty of Taiwan to the ROC on Oct. 25, 1945, or any date thereafter. As a result use of the term "Retrocession of Taiwan" (台灣光復,
Táiwān guāngfù) is less common in modern Taiwan.
Background
At the
Cairo Conference of
1943, the
Allies adopted a nonbinding statement declaring that Taiwan should be returned to Chinese sovereignty at the end of the war. In
April 1944, the ROC government at the wartime capital of
Chungking established the Taiwan Research Committee (台灣調查委員會,
Táiwān diàochá wěiyuánhuì) with
Chen Yi as chairman. Shortly afterwards, the committee reported its findings on the economy, politics, society, and military affairs of Taiwan to Generalissimo
Chiang Kai-shek.
Following the war, opinion in the ROC government was split as to the administration of Taiwan. One faction supported treating Taiwan in the same way as other Chinese territories occupied by the Japanese during
World War II, creating a
Taiwan Province. The other faction supported setting up a
Special Administrative Region in Taiwan with special military and police powers. In the end, Chiang Kai-shek chose to take Chen Yi's suggestion of creating a special 2000 man "Office of the Chief Executive of Taiwan Province" (台灣省行政長官公署,
Táiwān-shěng xíngzhèng zhǎngguān gōngshǔ) to handle the transfer.
Japan formally
surrendered to the Allies on
August 14,
1945. On
August 29, Chiang Kai-shek appointed Chen Yi as Chief Executive of Taiwan Province, and announced the creation of the Office of the Chief Executive of Taiwan Province and
Taiwan Garrison Command on
September 1, with Chen Yi also as the commander of the latter body. After several days of preparation, an advance party moved into Taipei on
October 5, with more personnel from
Shanghai and Chungking arriving between October 5 and
October 24.
Surrender ceremony
The formal surrender occurred on the morning of
October 25,
1945 in Taipei City Hall (modern Zhongshan Hall). The Office of the Governor-General of Taiwan formally surrendered to Chen Yi representing the Commander in Chief of the
Chinese Theatre. On the same day, the Office of the Chief Executive began functioning from the building which now houses the
ROC Executive Yuan.
While the surrender ceremonies were held on behalf of the Allies, under international law the ensuing administration of Taiwan can only be considered military occupation. The Republic of China is a subordinate occupying power under the United States of America, the principal occupying power.
Continued on Taiwan after World War II.Further Information
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